Nutritional Causes of Reproductive Loss in Beef Cattle
Professional Version
There are four periods of beefiness cow nutrient requirements, and generally three for dairy cows. Menstruation one is the interval from calving to breeding; it is ~70–90 days and is the menstruum of greatest nutritional demand. The dairy moo-cow is at maximal milk production and recovering from the stress of parturition. During this period, she is expected to be set to brood.
Period ii is the interval from rebreeding to weaning the beef calf; information technology is ~120–150 days in beef cows. Periods ii and 3 overlap in dairy cows and are not as easily separated every bit in beefiness cattle. The beefiness cow should proceeds weight while still milking. Although some dairy cows maintain body weight, many high producers keep to lose weight during this period.
Period 3 is from weaning to 50 days before calving; information technology lasts ~100 days and is the catamenia of least nutritional demand. The beef cow has merely to maintain her condition and continue fetal development. The dairy moo-cow should be managed to gain or lose trunk weight during the last months of lactation to attain target torso condition ready to enter the stable dry period.
Menstruum 4 is a critical stage and is the l days before calving; it is during this time that 75% of fetal growth occurs. Cows are usually not lactating during this "dry period." Moo-cow condition at calving is critical to rebreeding; the onset of estrus after calving is delayed in cows that lose weight or are thin and not gaining during late pregnancy.
Dairy cows (see Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle During lactation, dairy cows take very high nutritional requirements relative to most other species (encounter Table: Feeding Guidelines for Large-Breed Dairy Cattle a). Meeting these requirements... read more ) are ordinarily fed for optimal milk product throughout their 305-twenty-four hours lactation. It is assumed they will lose weight during heavy lactation (the early months) and regain the loss during the balance of lactation. Dairy cows should non be overfed during the dry period because of a genetic predisposition to cede body condition to maximize milk production through insulin resistance. This leads to the increased probability of metabolic diseases, eg, blazon Two ketosis and fatty liver affliction (run into Ketosis in Cattle Ketosis in Cattle and see Fat Liver Disease of Cattle Fatty Liver Disease of Cattle Fatty liver affliction is a disorder of highly productive dairy cows resulting from an excessive negative free energy residue at the onset of lactation. Mobilization of big amounts of torso fat reserves... read more ), during early lactation as insulin resistance leads to excessive fatty mobilization from adipose tissue storage and overwhelms the chapters of lipoprotein send mechanisms in the bovine liver to transport and metabolize lipid. In addition, dairy cows should be fed to minimize the incidence of calving-related disorders (eg, dystocia, hypocalcemia, and retained fetal membranes), including control of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), which take a negative effect on fertility and health postpartum.
The amount of cow feed required per pound or kg of calf weaned is fairly constant, although larger cows require more feed for maintenance than smaller cows. Cows that requite more milk require more feed, more often than not with a higher level of protein. Increased milk is produced at the expense of reproduction when feed is not acceptable to run across all needs.
The protein requirement of young growing stock and heavy-milking cows is often a limiting factor, while mature dry cows are oftentimes overfed protein. Heifers must be fed adequately from weaning to breeding if they are to calve at 2 yr of age; this target is critical for herd economics, because before this point the absence of beefiness calf or milk for auction represents significant investment and gamble.
To provide the essential nutrient requirements during various stages of the reproductive bike, major forages and homegrown cereals should exist analyzed to monitor nutrient content and actual value. Variation in amounts of trace minerals is mutual between and within different geographic areas. Globally, different systems are used to make up one's mind energy levels of the ration, such as the metabolizable protein (MP) or "Feed into Milk" (FiM) models or the Total Digestible Nutrient System and the California Net Energy System. All are usually used, and application should be tailored to fit the private operation.
Even within nutritional need categories, cattle benefit from feeding and handling in subgroups: lightweight heifers at weaning need to gain more than heavier heifers to achieve puberty by breeding flavor; kickoff-calf heifers require special attention from both an free energy and competition standpoint if they are expected to breed and excogitate at the proper fourth dimension. These heifers are nevertheless growing, as well equally lactating, and they may not have the rumen capacity to see postcalving free energy needs on provender alone. Monitoring of growth rates is important to achieve successful rearing targets. Supplemental feeding of both high-energy and loftier-poly peptide feeds to showtime-calf heifers may be required for optimal reproductive potential. Calves from first-calf beefiness heifers may be weaned thirty–forty days earlier than calves from cows in the main herd to permit the heifer more time to abound and recover from demands associated with lactation.
Thin, old, and modest cows may not compete favorably with heavier cows within the same herd and oftentimes benefit from being fed as a separate subgroup.
Lactating dairy cattle are usually fed co-ordinate to milk product. They may be fed concentrate on an private ground or divided into groups according to milk production and fed an appropriate total mixed ration.
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Source: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/management-of-reproduction-cattle/nutrition-in-cattle-reproduction
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